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A REVIEW OF 
AMERICAN HISTORY 



BY 



CHARLES ELLSWORTH MARTZ 



'(o^. 



/U 



A REVIEW 

OF 

AMERICAN HISTORY 



BY 



Charles Ellsworth Martz 

PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE WEST CHESTER (PA.) 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 




1920 



COPYRIGHT 1920 BY 
C. E. MARTZ 






©CI,A565941 

HORACE F. TEMPLE. PUBLISHER 
WEST CHESTER. PA. 



MA\ -I 1920 



A Review of American History 



THE EUROPEAN BACKGROUND 

We must look upon the discovery of America as one of a 
great number of events and movements that center about the year 
1450, a period which we usually associate with the name of the 
RENAISSANCE. The Feudal System of the Middle Ages was 
breaking down and was giving way to more centralized govern- 
ments. The Tudors brought Tudor Absolutism to England; 
Ferdinand and Isabella were married and Spain became a united 
kingdom; Portugal became a single monarchy under Henry. 
These changes led to an increased feeling of nationality on the 
part of the people of each of these nations and made possible the 
rivalries which played such an important part in the development 
of American History. 

The Crusades, which began about 1100, brought Europe into 
touch with an East which could supply luxuries. It soon became 
evident that the Mediaeval barter was bound to give way to an 
exchange where money played a big part ; surplus products began 
to be sold for money. This brought a whole train of results. It 
gave a greater place to commerce ; it made possible the accumula- 
tion of capital which was a great force in the development of 
America. 

Long before 1400, then, a flourishing trade had been developed 
with the East in which spices, perfumes, silks and like goods were 
the staples. The student should discover the routes used with 
the aid of a map. It will be evident that each of the known routes 
necessitated a portage of some distance across the desert from the 
Mediterranean waters to those of the Indian ocean, and it can be 
readily estimated that a land trip was at least four times as 
expensive as a water trip. The cost of this transportation had 
made it a serious problem of merchants to find a new route long 
before the coming of the Ottoman Turks in 1453 made this step 
absolutely necessary. This tribe from Central Asia captured Con- 



4 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

stantinople and practically closed the Mediterranean to Western 
commerce. The new commercial spirit was not thus easily to be 
snuffed out and a determined movement was in the air for the 
finding of a new route. The newly born spirit of nationality made 
the finding of the route a subject for international competition. 

Into this struggle we find the first activity to come from little 
Portugal. With Prince Henry the Navigator as their patron 
saint, the Portuguese navigators set out to find a new route along 
their natural pathway : down the African coast past the Azores. 
Diaz got as far as the tip of Africa in 148G ; l^'asco da Gania suc- 
ceeded in getting around the point and to the Indies in 1497, thus 
becoming the national hero of Portugal. 

Spain entered the scene of competition with the work of 
Columbus. Born at or near Genoa somewhere about the year 
1450, Columbus had spent his early days in that city, which was 
one of the Italian cities which carried on a rivalry for the trade 
of the Mediterranean. Ships formed the basis of their existence. 
Columbus went to sea very early in life, acquiring along with the 
practical knowledge of the sea an interest in map making. In 
1475 he went to Portugal, the center of the interest in the new 
route, but his ideas of reaching the Indies by sailing westward 
did not meet encouragement. Columbus had the idea firmly 
fixed; he had the tenacity of purpose to carry out his project; 
resources to defray the necessary expense, however, he had not. 
To supply this lack he went from court to court in Europe and 
finally came to that of Ferdinand and Isabella, where the queen 
was willing to back the new "admiral." A sum of money esti- 
mated by Thacher to be about $100,000 in modern value was 
raised, and eventually the little expedition of three ships left 
Palos. The proposed westward trip developed from geographic 
considerations to be a southwestward trip, for the winds of the 
Atlantic blew Columbus down to the West Indies, and the same 
winds later blew the founders of Jamestown first to the West 
Indies. The remainder of the life of Columbus is taken up with 
vain attempts to reconcile what he had really found with what he 
had attempted to find. He made three other voyages, the third 
taking him to the mouth of the Orinoco River and the last skirt- 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY <, 

ing the shores of Panama. The expectations that he had aroused 
in the minds of profit-seeking Spaniards were not fulfilled and 
Columbus, discredited and wretched, was mercifully relieved by 
death in 1506. 

The new world which had been discovered soon became the 
scene of a series of exploring expeditions of which the following 
should be carefully noted : 

Vespuccius Coast of Brazil. (Account of voyage leading 

to name.) 

Magellan Around world. (Died in Philippines.) 

Cortez Mexico. (Conquest.) 

Balboa Panama and Pacific Ocean across Panama. 

DeSoto Gulf States. 

Narvaez Gulf States. 

de Leon Florida. 

Coronado Southwestern U. S. 

Pizarro Peru. 

Mark each of these on map so that the territory claimed by 
Spain is clear. The Portuguese interests were to the east around 
Africa, and to prevent a clash between Spain and Portugal for 
new lands, the Pope drew the famous "PROCLAMATION 
LINE," a line from North to South, which just cut ofif the tip of 
Brazil, all the land east of which was to go to Portugal and all 
west of it to Spain. 

The French nation was also becoming nationalized, and its 
sailors were seeking some of this new world. They did not ven- 
ture into Southern waters but came straight across. The follow- 
ing should be noted in this earlier period : 

Verrazano From the Hudson River northward. 

Cartier 1534, in the St. Lawrence. 

Champlain 1608, founded Quebec. 

English activity in the early period is limited to the voyage 
of John Cabot in 1498, who explored the northerly coast. The 
strength of the Spanish on the sea made it impossible for the 
English to interfere to a greater extent. However, a change comes 
during the reign of Queen Elizabeth (after 1550). A period of 



6 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

prosperity came to England and with it came a series of seamen 
who dared dispute Spanish supremacy. Hawkins and Drake are 
the great names of the period, men who were really pirates, but 
living in an age when piracy practiced against the Spanish was 
a virtue. Their lives are filled with romance and adventure. 

Incensed by the exploits of these men and angered because 
of Elizabeth's refusal to marry him, the king of Spain sent prac- 
tically all of his sea power against England in a great fleet known 
as the Spanish Armada. This was defeated in 1588, and that date 
marks the downfall of Spain as a maritime power and the rise of 
the importance of England. 



COLONIZATION 

French Hugenots formed the first settlement in 1562 at Port 
Royal, under the leadership of Ribault. In 1565, Menendez 
brought some Spaniards to St. Augustine and founded the first 
permanent colony, for one of his first acts was to destroy the 
French colony, largely because it stood as a threat to the Spanish 
treasure ships en route to Spain. 

In the Elizabethan period, the English began to interest 
themselves in colonization. There was a considerable body of 
free capital looking for investment ; men were dissatisfied with 
the feudal tenure of land, and were intoxicated with the supposed 
possibilties of the new world. Individual men attempted to form 
colonies and we should note three, all of whom were failures: 

Gilbert In Newfoundland. 

Gosnold Along Cape Cod. 

Raleigh Roanoke Island. 

The failure of these colonies showed the need of more capital 
and, to secure this, two stock companies were formed, the London 
Company and the Plymouth Company, with monopolies of the 
right to profit from trade with America, the land being divided 
between them, the Plymouth Company to the North. (Conc'-v.t 
map for these grants.) 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 7 

The Plymouth Company sent over a colony, which landed at 
the mouth of the Kennebec River, usually called the POPHAM 
Colony (1607). This colony was a failure and the Plymouth 
Company went out of existence, its rights going to a new corpora- 
tion known as the COUNCIL FOR NEW ENGLAND. 

1607. VIRGINIA. 

The London Company was more fortunate and its colony 
arrived in 1607 on the James River in Virginia. It must be 
remembered that this was a business venture, and that the pur- 
pose was to make money for the stockholders. The men who 
came over were merely employees of the company. The colony 
came close to a failure the first year because : 

(1) The men were largely gentlemen adventurers not used 

to work. 

(2) They came not to make homes but to get rich easily 

and go home. 

(3) The common storehouse system encouraged idleness. 
This common storehouse was the store of the company, from 

which the employees were supported. In this wild land this had 
to be regardless of their producing power and so no incentive was 
put on efficient labor. 

JOHN SMITH, one of the first governors, by his initiative 
and boldness, did much to remedy this state of afTairs and time 
after time saved the colony by getting supplies from the Indians. 

DALE, a later governor, abolished the common storehouse. 
and introduced individual holdings of land. 

Since the company, located in England, was given both the 
power to make what profits they could from the land, but also to 
govern it, the colony is now called PROPRIETARY. The com- 
pany had supreme power. This power met a check in 1619, when 
the company had to organize the first REPRESENTATIVE 
ASSEMBLY in America with power to have a say in law- 
making. 

The same year, 1619, the first negro slaves were brought to 
Virginia, where tobacco growing had already become the 
important industry. 



cS A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

1624, the king took the charter from the London Company 
and its assets, including Virginia, went to him. A colony in 
which the king is the proprietor is called ROYAL. Virginia 
remained royal until the Revolution of 1775. 

The date 1660 marks an important breaking point in Ameri- 
can history. In Virginia it marks the return of BERKELEY as 
governor. His rule was arbitrary and absolute and soon made for 
discontent. He put men into offices who were unfit ; he con- 
trolled the lawmaking by his "rotten assembly," an assembly con- 
trolled by himself, which he kept in office for fourteen years. 
This discontent became gradually more serious until, finally, it 
took but a little thing to touch it off into flame. Berkeley refused 
to take active measures against the Indians who were making 
raids against the frontier farms, because of his desire to preserve 
his profits from the Indian fur trade. Finally a raid on the farm 
of Nathaniel Bacon caused the owner to raise a force, defeat the 
Indians, and then, in 1676, march against Berkeley, putting him 
to flight. BACON'S REBELLION seemed about to succeed 
when Bacon died, and the movement fell through. 



NEW ENGLAND 

THE RELIGIOUS SITUATION IN ENGLAND. 

The coming of Protestantism to England was accompanied 
by the beginning of a bitter quarrel as to the extent of the revolt 
from Romanism. Many wished to remain in the Roman Catholic 
Church ; many wished to stay in the one established church, but 
wished to make it less like the Catholic ; many despaired of 
changes within the church and decided in favor of a separate 
church. As against these discontented elements there was the 
great body of the Church of England, supported by the govern- 
ment which tried to force everybody to conform. For the flight 
of Catholics to America see the Maryland Colony ; the last class, 
known as the Separatists, were the first to leave England, going 
first to Holland and then finally deciding to come to America. 
Those who wanted to change the church, but who still maintained 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY Q 

that all should belong to one state church, were known as Puri- 
tans, and to them we owe the development of Massachusetts. 

1620. PLYMOUTH. 

The Separatists who were living in Holland got permission 
from the London Company to come to America, made arrange- 
ments with some merchants to advance the needed capital on 
the security of the labor of the colonists, and then set out on the 
Mayflower for America, and landed at what they called Plymouth. 
They had no charter, so before landing they drew up the "May- 
flower Compact," which bound all to obey the government which 
they should set up. John Carver was the first governor, but he 
soon died, and was succeeded by William Bradford' the o-reatest 
governor. They went through the usual "starving period," but 
soon abandoned the common storehouse idea. 

1629. MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 

In 1628, six men, including JOHN ENDICOTT, formed the 
Massachusetts Bay Company for commercial purposes, mostly 
for fishing ofif Cape Cod. For this purpose several small villages 
were formed. In 1629 the Puritans of England wanted to leave 
and decided to go to the new villages. The company had been 
given power to govern their own colony, and so it was made 
a condition by the Puritans that the members of the Company 
should come to America with them. JOHN WINTHROP was 
the new leader, and within a few years over 30,000 people came 
to Massachusetts. Gradually the company began to admit the 
men of the colony to the corporation so that we have a new sort 
of colony — a proprietary colony governed by a company of which 
most of the male citizens were members. This is virtually a self- 
governing colony and is called a CORPORATE colony. 

The Puritans did not believe in religious toleration, and 
admitted no one to the corporation except members of their 
church. In fact, others were persecuted. The situation led to 
complications which brought about the settling of Rhode Island 
and Connecticut, for which see below. 



lO A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

1636. RHODE ISLAND. 

The Puritans who controlled Massachusetts Bay believed in 
a state-controlled church. Those not in the state church were 
given no political power and were often persecuted. Roger 
Ji^illioinS' a minister, was one of those who objected to this. He 
preached that the state should have no control over religion and, 
further, that the land was the property of the Indians, and should 
be purchased from them. He was banished from the colony and 
fled south and founded Providence in 1636. It became a corporate 
colony. Mrs. Anne Hutchinson was also banished for heresy and 
settled near Providence. 

1636. CONNECTICUT. 

Not only did the state control the church but the church con- 
trolled the state. It was a "religious oligarchy." Some people 
objected to this. The congregation of Thomas Hooker, driven by 
the hope of getting better land in the Connecticut valley, and also 
protesting against religious control, moved in a body from Massa- 
chusetts Bay and founded Hartford and some other towns. These 
towns were finally united with New Haven, which had been 
founded in 16,38, to form a new corporate colony to be called 
Connecticut. 

The colonies of New England, with the exception of Rhode 
Island, united in 1643 to form the NEW ENGLAND CONFED- 
ERATION for the purpose of defense against the Indians, against 
the Dutch in New Amsterdam and against the French of the 
North. The plan was for a council of two delegates from each 
colony. In contrast with this equal vote, when a war was entered 
upon the colonies furnished money and men in proportion to their 
population. This worked against Massachusetts. After about 
forty years, this defect broke up the confederation when Massa- 
chusetts refused to join an expedition against the Dutch. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY II 



OTHER COLONIES 
1634. MARYLAND. 

The other religious sect of England to be persecuted was the 
Catholic group. George Calvert, who had failed in his colony of 
Avalon, became a Catholic and founded Maryland, as a proprie- 
tary colony on a grant which he had received from the king. St. 
Mary's in 1634 was the first settlement. The colony was charac- 
terized by absolute religious toleration. Later Puritans from the 
north came to the colony and injected their religious disputes 
into the colony and toleration was destroyed. 

1664. NEW YORK. 

In 1609, the Dutch had entered the new field with the voyage 
of Hudson^ and in 1632 New Amsterdam was settled. It did not 
prosper, however, as it was a commercial colony with absolute 
government, neither condition being conducive to a permanent 
settlement. By giving large tracts along the Hudson to 
"PATROONS," men who would bring over 50 families for per- 
manent settlement, an attempt was made to remedy the situation, 
but with little success. Charles II began a series of wars against 
the Dutch for commercial supremacy, and, as part of his cam- 
paign, his brother, James of York, was given permission to take 
New Amsterdam. This he did in 1664, and it became New York. 
The last Dutch governor was Peter Stuyvesant. In 1685 James 
became king and the colony became a royal colony. 

At first it included what is now New Jersey, but this was 
given to Carteret and Berkley who divided it between them. 

1681. PENNSYLVANIA. 

George Fox was the founder of another religious sect, the 
Quakers, who were bitterly persecuted, fl'illiaiii Peim was one 
of his converts. Penn was the son of the famous Admiral Penn, 
to whom the king was greatly in debt. Penn asked the king for a 
grant as payment for the money owed, with the idea of planting 
a colony to be run on the Quaker principles of equality, good 
will, etc. Pennsylvania was founded, a proprietary colony in 



12 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

1681. All who believed in one God were welcomed, all Christians 
were given a share in the government, by Penn's constitution, 
which was the most liberal in the colonies. 

In order to control the mouth of the Delaware, Penn pur- 
chased the lower counties of Delaware from the Duke of York 
in the next year. These had the same proprietor but separate 
colonial governments. 

1663. CAROLINA. 

Another proprietary colony was begun by a group of noble- 
men in the south. The most interesting fact about it is the 
"Grand Model," a Utopian frame of government, prepared by 
John Locke, providing for a modified feudal system, utterly 
unsuited to a wild country and never put into effect. The colony 
soon became royal. 

1732. GEORGIA. 

The last colony was founded by James Oglethorpe as a 
refuge for those put in prison for debt in England. It bordered 
Spanish territory and thus had many quarrels over land claims. 
Jt became royal soon after its foundation. 



THE COLONIES — 1650-1750 

The colonial governments may be divided into three groups : 
L. PROPRIETARY, in which one man or a group of men 
are given the land and the right to govern the land. 

2. ROYAL, a proprietary colony where the king is the pro- 
prietor. 

3. CORPORATE, or charter, where the voters of the 
colony govern the colony according to a charter granted by the 
king. 

In discussing the characteristics of the colonies it is conve- 
nient to divide them into three groups: New England, the Middle 
Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. These geographic groups 
present some instructive comparisons. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY j^ 

INDUSTRY. 

New England had four chief industries: Fishing, Ship- 
building, Commerce, Rum-making. 

The Middle Colonies were provision colonies and furnished 
grain, dairy products. 

The Southern colonies are divided into two groups : 

Virginia and Maryland grew tobacco almost exclusively. 

Carolina and Georgia grew rice and indigo. (No cotton.) 

LABOR. 

New England industry was built upon free labor. 
Southern industry was built upon slave labor. 
Middle colonies had both. 

EDUCATION. 

New England had schools and colleges and education was 
pretty general. 

The South had few schools and educated only the rich. 

RELIGION. 

New England was strongly Congregational. 

The South was predominantly Church of England. 

SOCIETY. 

New England had little of aristocracy of wealth. 
The South had a wealthy planter class, a poor white class 
and the slave class, a caste system rigidly adhered to. 

LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 

New England had the town as its unit and its government 
centered in the town meeting. 

The South had the county as the unit and did not have the 
democracy of the town meeting. 

IN THE ABOVE RESPECTS THE MIDDLE COL- 
ONIES WERE A MIXTURE OF NORTHERN AND^ 
SOUTHERN CHARACTERS. 



14 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

COLONIAL GOVERNMENT. 

All of the colonies of New England were corporate. 
The South was characterized by royal colonies. 
The Middle colonies were proprietary. 

1660— A BREAKING POINT 

The Puritan Revolution in England, which resulted in the 
death of Charles I in 1649, lost ground with the death of Crom- 
well, and, in 1660, Charles II was put on the throne. His acces- 
sion marks an important turning point in colonial history. 

THE NAVIGATION ACTS. 

After the downfall of the Spanish the Dutch had become the 
great commercial nation. Charles II and his advisers wanted to 
put England back into the competition. To do this was the pur- 
pose of the first Navigation Act in 1660. It provided that all 
colonial trade had to be in English or colonial ships manned by a 
predominantly English or colonial crew. 

At this time a new school of economists were beginning to 
teach the MERCANTILE THEORY, which said that the wealth 
of a nation would be increased if she had a sure supply of raw 
materials, if she had control of the shipping and if she had a sure 
market for her manufactured products. To further this program, 
they had a clause put into the first Navigation Act which said that 
certain raw materials called the ENUMERATED COMMODI- 
TIES should be sent by the colonists only to England, thus giving 
England a monopoly of the raw materials. 

In 1663 the mercantilists got another point in the second 
Navigation Act. This provided that manufactured goods of most 
kinds could be bought by the colonies only from England. 

To administer these acts a series of other acts were passed 
becoming progressively more and more severe. 

The New England rum trade was a matter of difficulty, for 
the colonists insisted upon buying the molasses for their business 
from the French West Indies. The planters of the English West 
Indies brought pressure to bear and Parliament passed the Sugar 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY iq 

and Molasses Act of 1733, putting a prohibitive tax upon French 
sugar and molasses. 

None of these acts was respected by the colonies and smug- 
gling became a patriotic and profitable industry. This situation 
came to a crisis after 1760. 

NEW ENGLAND. 

Charles II and the colonies of New England, particularly 
Massachusetts, were in a state of constant friction. The king had 
many charges against the colonists. 

1. The colonists were extreme Protestants and the king 
was Roman Catholic. 

2. The colonists insisted upon coining money contrary to 
his will. 

3. Massachusetts had annexed Maine in defiance of his 
order. 

4. New England was the centre of the smuggling trade. 

5. The New England colonies were all self-governing. 

6. New England filled no place in the program of the mer- 
cantilists. 

For these, and many other reasons, the king determined to 
act. Randolph was sent over as an agent to get evidence and his 
report confirmed the king's suspicions. Therefore, in 1684, all of 
the charters of New England were annulled and EDMUND 
ANDROS was sent to be governor of a royal province, the 
DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND, which was to embrace all 
of New England, with New York and New Jersey. Andros suc- 
ceeded in getting all of the charters except Connecticut and 
Rhode Island, where the colonists by tricks kept them hidden. 
Andros ruled absolutely, setting aside all of the colonial assem- 
blies ; he established the Church of England as the State Church ; 
he levied taxes by order of the governor. The people were ready 
for action and the chance came when, in 1688, the people of 
England overthrew James II who had sent Andros. The col- 
onists thereupon captured Andros and sent him to England. The 
charters were gotten out and the old governments resumed. 
Massachusetts and Plymouth were united by a new charter in 
1691. 



l6 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



THE FRENCH IN AMERICA 

As we have noticed the French had some part in the early 
explorations around the St. Lawrence River. Little expansion 
came until after 1670. The predominating motives of the French 
were: (1) The Christianizing of the Indians and (2) the fur trade. 
In 1673, MARQUETTE and JOLIET went part of the way 
down the Mississippi. 

In 1681, LA SALLE reached the mouth of the River. At once 
a flood of missionaries and fur traders took possession of the 
whole Mississippi valley and began to expand up the Ohio River. 
This would naturally bring them into contact with the English, 
who were just beginning to expand over the mountains. This 
friction became acute and needed little excuse to bring it to actual 
lighting. The occasion came with a series of wars in Europe 
between the mother countries. Four wars should be known. 
1689-1697. King William's War. 
1702-1713. Queen Anne's War, ended by Treaty of UTRECHT, 

by which England got a considerable body of 

land at mouth of St. Lawrence. 
1744-1748. King George's War. 
1754-1763. The French and Indian War, with the Treaty of 

PARIS, by which England got Canada and all 

East of Mississippi, including Florida. 
In the first year of the French and Indian War, a Congress 
of all the colonies was called for ALBANY, to provide for unified 
action against the enemy. At this congress, FRANKLIN pre- 
sented his "Plan of Union," for perpetual union of the colonies. 
A governor-general appointed by the king was to be the execu- 
tive, a council of representatives of the colonies was to have 
charge of matters concerning all of the colonies, levying taxes and 
spending the money. The plan was rejected by both the king and 
the colonies, showing the growing distrust between these two. 
The plan later became the basis of the Articles of Confederation. 
These wars had far-reaching influence upon the coming 
events. The Treaty of Paris gave England her first dreams of 
"Empire." An empire took more money than England had, and 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 17 

the urgent necessity for more money led to a new plan— the taxa- 
tion in the colonies. Then the navigation acts came to the front 
once more. The colonies insisted upon trading with the French 
even during the war, virtually treason from England's viewpoint. 
This made England determined to see that the acts were enforced 
to the letter. These two movements made tip the cause of the 
American Revolution. 

To these may be added the minor influences of the removal of 
the French threat on the north making the colonists more inde- 
pendent, the training in warfare, the experience in union, the new 
idea that the red-coats could be beaten, etc. 



THE CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION 

The individual events by which the two movements above 
suggested were carried out must be learned in detail. In outline 
they are as follows : 

To enforce the navigation acts the English made use of 
WRITS OF ASSISTANCE, which were blank search warrants, 
permitting the searching of any place for anything. The legality 
of such writs was strongly contested by JAMES OTIS. 

1^6^ — A new Sugar and iMolasses Act was passed, making 
the tax on French sugar higher, with the hope of cutting ofif that 
trade. 

1765— THE STAMP ACT, calling for taxes upon all period- 
icals and legal documents. The colonists protested and their 
opposition took the following forms : 

(Ij Violence. (2) The formation of the Sons of Liberty. 
(3) Protests by colonial assemblies and (4) The meeting of the 
STAMP ACT CONGRESS. 

The Stamp Act had been proposed by GRENVILLE, and 
after his resignation it was repealed (17G6). 

] 767— THE TOWNSHEND ACTS, of which three should 
be remembered : 

(1) New taxes upon glass, paper, painters' supplies, etc., 
imported. 



l8 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

(2) A new commission to enforce the navigation acts. 

(3) An act suspending the New York Legislature because 
they had not appropriated money to support British soldiers as 
had been ordered by the Mutiny Act. 

These acts met opposition of a more subdued nature. 
SAMUEL ADAMS, of Massachusetts, wrote a protest to the 
king; JOHN DICKINSON, of Pennsylvania, began to write his 
Farmers' Letters. Non-Importation agreements were revived. 

1770— The Boston Massacre. 

In this year, also, the taxes of the Townshend Acts were all 
repealed except that on tea. 

1773_The Boston Tea Party. The king sought to aid the 
East India Company by sending the tea very cheaply to America. 
The presence of a small tax, however, made the colonists reject 
the tea and the affair in Boston followed. 

1774 — This act of defiance resulted in the passage of the 
FIVE INTOLERABLE ACTS. (1) The Boston Port bill, 
closing the port of Boston; (2) The Massachusetts Act, which 
took away the charter of Massachusetts and gave it a military 
government; (3) The Quartering Act, for the billeting of troops 
on the people ; (4) An act for the sending of certain offenders to 
England for trial ; and (5) The Quebec Act, extending the terri- 
tories controlled by Quebec, a province which was both abso- 
lutely governed and Catholic. 

The opposition to these measures did not come by any means 
from a united American people. It is estimated that the popula- 
tion of the colonies at this time was 2,500,000. These w^ere dis- 
tributed as follows : 

1,500,000 neutrals, who cared nothing for the quarrel. 
250,000 Tories, or those who sided with the king. 
750.000 Patriots or Revolutionists. 

The result of the Intolerable Acts was. that in 1774. there 
met the FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, which is called 
the First Party Convention, because it was a meeting represent- 
ing only the patriot party. This Congress made protests and 
again stated their case to the king. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY IQ 

In 1775, the SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS met. 
By this time actual hostilities began and this Congress, although 
it had no real authority, took charge of the war and appointed 
Washington commander-in-chief. 

In 1775, there was very little sentiment in favor of independ- 
ence, but in the next year opinion in the Patriot Party turned, and, 
in 1776, the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, was 
signed. This recited the grievances of the colonies and stated that 
they were free and independent. 

The Continental Congress, which was the only governing 
body, had no real authority, its powers being all assumed. In 
order to get the state to delegate definite powers. Congress 
passed the ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION in 1777. The 
structure of the government thus established should be learned. 

THE GOVERNMENT UNDER THE ARTICLES OF CON- 
FEDERATION: 

1. No executive was provided. 

Had to depend upon state governors to enforce laws of 
Congress. 

2. No courts provided. 

State courts only. 

3. There was a CONGRESS. 

One House : 2 to 7 members from each state not accord- 
ing to population. 

Powers : To conduct foreign relations. 
Raise and control an army. 

Raise money by (1) borrowing, (2) levying quotas, 
(3) making it. 

Powers denied to Congress : 

To tax the people and collect the tax. 
To regulate commerce of any kind. 
The defects of this government are obvious to us . 

Provision was made that these Articles were to go into effect 
when all 13 of the colonies had ratified them. Ratification was 
difficult. The greatest stumbling block was the fact that several 
of the states (Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut, chiefly) had 



20 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

conflicting land claims in the region north of the Ohio and east of 
the Mississippi. This tract is called the NORTHWEST TER- 
RITORY. The matter was finally settled when the states all 
gave up their Western claims to the new central government. 
This cession had very important results, among which were : 

1. It made possible the ratification of the Articles of Con- 

federation. 

2. It gave an impulse to union by the common ownership of 

land. 

3. It made necessary an act to govern this land, the 

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE. 

1787— The NORTHWEST ORDINANCE was passed to 
govern the Northwest Territory. It provided that the govern- 
ment should go through three stages: 

1. It was to be governed by a governor and some judges 

appointed by Congress; they to select laws from 
those in force in other states. 

2. When the population reached 5000, the voters were to 

elect an assembly to make laws, subject to the veto 
of the governor. A delegate was to sit in Congress. 

3. When the population reached 60.000, Congress might 

admit as a state on an equality with the original 
states. 

This was the beginning of our colonial system, which is an 
original American institution. Our colonies, which have been 
admitted as States, now outnumber threefold the original mother 
country. 

1783 — The Treaty of Paris closed the Revolution. Some of 
its terms were: 

England agreed : 

1. To give up all land east of the Mississippi. 

2. To pay for slaves taken in the United States. 

The United States agreed : 

1. To see that Loyalists were not mistreated. 

2. To see that the collection of debts to Englishmen 

should not be obstructed. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 21 

Neither side lived up to the terms of this treaty and the whole 
question was opened later at the time of Jay's Treaty in Wash- 
ington's administration. 

THE CRITICAL PERIOD. 

With the independence of the states granted, a period fol- 
lowed which was very serious for the following reasons : 
1. Foreign commerce was at a standstill. 
3. Interstate commerce was small because of state rivalry. 

3. The currency was depreciated. 

4. The resulting stoppage of industry brought practical 

anarchy. 

5. The government was unable to remedy the situation. 

A number ot remedies to this situation were suggested, 
among which were : 

1. An amendment giving Congress the right to regulate 

commerce. The required unanimous ratification 
could not be gotten. 

2. The Mount Vernon Conference. Did little but call the 

next Convention. 

3. 1786. THE ANNAPOLIS TRADE CONVENTION. 

Only five states represented. Did nothing but ar- 
range for a new convention the following year. 

4. 1787. THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION in 

Philadelphia. 

THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 

The 1787 convention contained most of the great men of the 
country. Washington was chairman. They -met to revise the 
Articles of Confederation, but it soon became evident that a new 
constitution was needed. The Virginia delegates drafted a plan 
which they proposed. This is called the VIRGINIA PLAN or 
the RANDOLPH PLAN or the BIG STATE PLAN. It pro- 
vided for three departments to the government, the legislative 
bodies to be based upon population. 



22 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

This latter provision would be distasteful to the small states, 
and they, through Patterson, of New Jersey, introduced a plan 
providing for equal representation for all the states. This plan 
was called the NEW JERSEY PLAN or the PATTERSON 
PLAN or the SMALL STATE PLAN. 

After a great struggle the two sides agreed to compromise, 
and it was decided to have the lower house based upon popula- 
tion and the upper house with equal representation. This is the 
First Great Compromise. 

The second Compromise was as to whether slaves should be 
counted in the population. It was finally decided to count five 
slaves as three. 

The third Compromise was on the control of the slave trade. 
It was decided that Congress could not interfere with this trade 
for twenty years. 

After a few months of strenuous sessions, the convention 
adopted the constitution and provided that it was to go into effect 
when nine of the states had ratified it. The struggle for ratificaT 
tion was bitter. The people had fought the Revolution to get 
away from a strong central government and they were not 
anxious to get into another one of their own making. New York 
was a crucial state and it was swung over by ALEXANDER 
HAMILTON almost single-handed. Hamilton, Madison and 
Jay wrote a series of papers, the FEDERALIST papers, explain- 
ing the new government, which had a great influence. Finally 
the required nine states were secured and the constitution went 
into efifect with the inauguration of Washington in 1789. 

THE GOVERNMENT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 

1. Executive. 

President. At least 35 years old. Native born. Term 

four years. 
Elected by Presidential electors chosen by states. (Look 

up.) 
Powers : 

Enforce the laws of Congress. 
Carry on foreign relations. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 2^ 

Command army and navy. 

Veto or approve laws of Congress. 

Make treaties and appointments. (Senate.) 

2. Legislative: 

House of Representatives. 

Age 25. Term two years. Elected by voters. 

Sole Powers : 

1. Impeachment. 

2. Initiate money bills. 

3. Elect President if electors do not. 
Senate. 

Age 30. Term 6 years. Elected by legislatures. 

Sole Power : 

1. Try impeachment cases. 

2. Ratify treaties. 

3. Ratify appointments. 

3. Judiciary : 

Supreme Court and other courts. 

Judges of Supreme Court appointed by President for life. 

Tries cases dealing with Constitution or U. S. laws, or in 

which the U. S. is a party or between two states, etc. 

Congress is given a list of DELEGATED POWERS, among 
which are the power to tax and the power to regulate commerce — 
both interstate and foreign. This list of powers has been inter- 
preted very liberally to make the Constitution fit modern condi- 
tions. 

AMENDMENTS. 

The ratification of some of the states was secured by a 
promise that there would be passed immediately a series of 
amendments safeguarding the rights of the people. Therefore 
there were passed the first ten amendments, which were called 
the AMERICAN BILL OF RIGHTS, providing for such things 
as free speech, religious freedom, right of jury trials, etc. 

The other amendments will be taken up at the proper place.. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



THE NEW NATION 

GEORGE WASHINGTON— 1789-1797. 

The first electoral college chose George Washington unani- 
mously. His task was to organize the new government. To aid 
him in administration several departments were organized. To 
manage foreign affairs came the State Department, with Thomas 
Jefferson as Secretary of State ; Alexander HainiUon was made 
Secretary of the Treasury; General Knox was Secretary of War; 
Edmund Randolph was Attorney General. These officers were 
not appointed as a CABINET. The SENATE was intended to 
be an advisory body to the President. This plan proved impos- 
sible, and Washington took to the practice of asking advice from 
the heads of the departments and the Cabinet as at present formed 
grew up outside of the Constitution. 

THE TREASURY— (Hamilton). 

Hamilton found the country practically bankrupt, with no 
credit, no income and a depreciated currency. His recommenda- 
tions to Congress were passed by that body as follows : 

1. FUNDING THE DEBT. This was the issuance of new 
bonds to all creditors of the government, thus recognizing all 
debts at par. The effect of this was to materially raise the credit 
of the government. 

2. ASSUMPTION OF STATE DEBTS. The states had 
contracted debts during the Revolution, paying .for armies, etc. 
This was really a national duty and Hamilton wanted Congress 
to fund these state debts with its own. The states, notably Vir- 
ginia, which had paid most of their debts, objected, but Virginia 
was bought over by the agreement that the new capital should be 
put on the Potomac. 

3. IMPORT AND EXCISE TAXES. Although they 
would bring in little revenue, Hamilton had Congress pass acts 
putting taxes on imports and on some goods made in this coun- 
try, notably liquors. The farmers of western Pennsylvania 
refused to pay the whiskey tax, thus putting the new govern- 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 2.S 

merit to the first test. Would it insist upon its authority? Wash- 
ington called upon the troops and put down this WHISKEY 
REBELLION, thus establishing a sound precedent. 

4. A UNITED STATE BANK. To carry on the financial 
work of the government Hamilton wanted a bank chartered in 
which the United States should hold part of the stock, the bank to 
transact all government business. This met opposition from a 
great party led by JEFFERSON, who claimed that Congress had 
no power under the Constitution to charter a bank. They insisted 
upon STRICT CONSTRUCTION and they formed a party 
which took the name REPUBLICAN. Hamilton said that the 
Constitution must be subject to LOOSE CONSTRUCTION, 
giving much power to the central government, and his party took 
the name FEDERALIST. Much debate followed upon the 
"necessary and proper" clause. The Federalist party had the 
most of the moneyed or creditor class, while the Republican 
party had the masses of non-moneyed or debtor classes. Congress 
chartered the bank. 

ENGLAND. Neither side had lived up to the Treaty of 
1783, Moreover the United States needed a commercial treaty 
with Britain to secure some trade with British colonies. JOHN 
JAY, who had been the first Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, 
was sent to England, and he negotiated JAY'S TREATY. 1795- 
This treaty repeated the terms of the Treaty of 1783, but such 
was the lack of respect toward the United States as a nation that 
no commercial privileges could be gained. The treaty was very 
unsatisfactory to the people of this country, but it is now thought 
that Jay did as much as could have been done at the time. 

SPAIN. A treaty was secured with Spain granting to us the 
right to use the mouth of the Mississippi River. 

FRANCE. In 1789 the French Revolution had occurred 
and the Revolutionary party had gone to war with England. They 
claimed that in accordance with our treaty of alliance of 1778, we 
were bound to aid them. We were in no condition for war and 
Washington issued his PROCLAMATION OF NEUTRALITY, 
claiming that the treaty held only in case of a defensive war. 
The French then sent over CITIZEN GENET, to try to secure 



20 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

the aid, and he shared the general European idea that we had no 
government which was to be respected. Genet landed at Charles- 
ton, S. C, and on his way north acted as if the United States were 
already in the war. He arranged for captured prizes to be brought 
here, for admiralty courts of France, for troops, etc., and met 
some popular approval. Finally, however, he became bolder and 
there was a reaction against him, and, at the request of Washing- 
ton, he was recalled. 

JOHN ADAMS— 1797-1801— Federalist. 

France, angered at this rebufif, and at our making a treaty 
with England, began to attack our shipping and, finally, Talley- 
rand refused to receive our minister. We sent three envoys to 
obtain redress, and they were met by three Frenchmen, known 
as X, Y and Z, who finally announcd a demand for a $350,000 
tribute. A cry for war arose in America, and a short naval war 
followed, which was ended when Napoleon came into power in 
France. 

The Republican Party had taken sides with France in this 
quarrel, and the Federalist party in jpower, against France and 
with England. The Federalists, in fear of the mass of French 
sympathizers, passed the ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS, 
enabling the President to remove from the country objectionable 
aliens and punishing any persons criticising the government. 

These acts were branded as unconstitutional by the Republi- 
cans, and formal protest was made by the VIRGINIA AND 
KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS, in which, under the leadership 
of JefTerson and Madison, these two states held that a state need 
not obey a law of Congress if the state thought it unconstitutional. 
This is one of the first cases of the theory of states' rights and 
nullification. 

This quarrel solidified the Republican party to such an extent 
that they were able to win the election in iSoo by a good major- 
ity. JefTerson called this election the REVOLUTION OF 1800, 
since he claimed that the capitalistic class had been ousted from 
the government and the people returned to control. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 2/ 

According to the constitutional method of electing the Presi- 
dent, the electors wrote two names on each ballot. The party 
organization of the Republicans was so perfect that all their 
electors wrote the same two names, JEFFERSON and BURR, 
with the unexpected result that there was a TIE. This had to be 
settled by the House, and they finally elected Jefiferson. 

With the great change in parties, the Federalists made a last 
attempt to retain some control when John Adams spent the last 
few days in office making thousands of appointments to govern- 
ment offices, the MIDNIGHT APPOINTMENTS. Many of 
these were turned out by Jefferson, but he could not change the 
most important of these, that of JOHN MARSHALL as Chief 
Justice of the Supreme Court. 



THOMAS JEFFERSON— 1801-1809— Republican. 

One of the fundamental principles of the Republican party 
was economy in government expenditures, and, under ALBERT 
GALLATIN, Secretary of the Treasury, the debt was gradualJv 
reduced. Another great doctrine of the party was Strict Con- 
struction, but this was soon neutralized by the Louisian Purchase. 

1803— LOUISIANA PURCHASE. 

By a secret treaty with Spain, Napoleon, who was in power 
in France, had gotten Louisiana. We began negotiations to get 
a little strip at the mouth of the river, but when Napoleon became 
discouraged in his attempt at an empire, and needed money, he 
offered to sell the whole tract for $15,000,000. Jefferson concluded 
the purchase in 1803. There being nothing in the Constitution 
about the purchase of new territory, this was counter to Jeffer- 
son's political faith. "Strict construction never meant the same 
after the Louisiana Purchase." 

After buying Louisiana, explorers were sent out to examine 
it ; among whom the most notable were Lci^'is and Clarh who 
got as far as Oregon, and ^ikc- who went into the Southwest. 



28 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

THE NAPOLEONIC WARS. 

With Jeflferson's inauguration we come to the period of the 
wars of Napoleon, which were to last until 1815. To hinder the 
enemy, each side, England and France, passed edicts known as 
ORDERS IN COUNCIL or DECREES, which were Paper 
Blockades of the enemy coasts. Our ships going either to Eng- 
land or France were taken as prizes, a practice which we claimed 
was against international law, and a violation of neutral rights. 
Protests did no good, and in 1807 Congress passed the EM- 
BARGO Act, prohibiting ships to leave our ports for Europe, in 
the hope that want of our products would make the nations give 
in. Nothing of the kind happened, and our own suffering wa> 
such that it was repealed, and, in 1809, the NON-INTER- 
COURSE ACT was passed, shutting ofif trade with only the 
warring nations.. This was also unsuccessful, and then in 1810 
was passed MACON'S BILL, which was a shameful bid for 
rights. We agreed that if either nation would remove the objec- 
tionable acts, we would agree not to trade with the other. France 
made the agreement, but did not abide by it. There we will leave 
the quarrel until the next administration. 

JAMES MADISON— 1809-1817— Republican. 

With this administration a new man, HENRY CLAY, 
.appears in Washington, to be the leading actor for the next forty 
years. He began to see that the actions of Europe were a cause 
for war, and became the leader of the "War Hawks," finally get- 
ting Congress to declare war upon England in 1812. It must be 
remembered that Congress was divided, the Republicans siding 
with France against England, and the Federalists, who were 
strong in New England, with England against France. The war 
■was very unpopular in New England and was called Mr. Madi- 
son's War. 

On land the war was rather unsuccessful and the Federalists 
hecame more and more discontented. In addition to a refusal to 
support the government, the opposition finally became more 
active with the calling of the HARTFORD CONVENTION in 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 29 

1815. This convention passed measures looking toward constitu- 
tional amendments to make another war to which they objected 
impossible, and to take the control of the Presidency from Vir- 
ginia. The delegates arrived in Washington at the same time as 
the news of the victory at New Orleans, and in the state of mind 
of the nation after a victory, the movement had little effect other 
than to practically KILL THE FEDERALIST PARTY. It 
never again put up a candidate. 

The causes of the war may be stated : 

1. Illegal blockading; 2. Impressment of our sailors. 

The TREATY OF GHENT, which closed the war, was 
nothing but an agreement to stop lighting. England refused posi- 
tively to agree that either of these practices should be discon- 
tinued. The end of the Napoleonic Wars removed the causes for 
them, however. 

It will have been seen that before the War of 1812 our political 
independence gained in the Revolution was of little use to us. 
Genet, the X, Y, Z affair, the Orders in Council and Decrees all 
showed our real dependence upon Europe. With the struggle of 
the last two administrations came a change. The Embargo of 
1807 cut us off from Europe and we began manufacturing ; for a 
market we began to look to our own West. This development 
brought an entire change in pohcy after 1816. In quick succession 
we have the first PROTECTIVE TARIFF, the ARMY AND- 
NAVY BILL, the building of the NATIONAL ROAD and the 
ERIE CANAL, and as we shall see later a new confidence in our 
foreign affairs resulting in the Florida episode in 1819 and the 
Monroe Doctrine of 1823. The year 1816 marks the beginning of 
the nation- 



JAMES MONROE— 1817-1825.— Republican. 

Since the Hartford Convention had ruined the Federalist 
party, Monroe was elected with but one party in the field and so 
he called it an ERA OF GOOD FEELING. It was not this in 
reality, as new issues soon arose. 



30 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 1 

1819— FLORIDA. 

At the close of the Revolution, Spain had received Florida, 
-and during this period w^as unable to police it properly. The 
Indians made repeated raids across our border. Andrew Jackson 
was sent down to drive out the Indians, and in his zeal continued 
into Florida, incidentally executing some British subjects. He 
was hurriedly recalled, but a demand made upon Spain that she 
should either properly police Florida, or sell it to us, and stating 
that if she did neither, we would take it. She sold it to us in 
1819. 

1820— THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE. 

The great slavery question in the United States is whether 
SLAVERY SHOULD BE ADMITTED INTO THE NEW 
TERRITORY. The question only became important after the 
acquisition of new territory. The Louisiana Purchase began to 
fill with people after the war and the question came up soon, 
''shall it be slave or free?" The Southerners held that Congress 
could pass no law on the subject, since the word "territory" in 
Section 3, Clause 2, meant land actually owned by the govern- 
ment, and not land merely governed. Congress looked at it from 
the northern standpoint and passed the Missouri Compromise in 
1820, making Missouri a slave state, but shutting slavery out of 
all "territory" north of the line 36-30. Congress has a strong 
hold of the situation. Watch how this attitude changes in 1850. 
It is this change which brings the Civil War. 

1823— THE MONROE DOCTRINE. 

At the Congress of Vienna, 1815, the monarchs of Europe, 
to prevent a repetition of the French Revolution, made an alli- 
ance, agreeing that if a revolution broke out in any of their lands 
they would all unite to put it down and keep themselves in power. 
This agreement was worked both in Spain and in Italy. An 
unexpected case came when the Spanish colonies in South 
America revolted under the leadership of San Martin and Bolivar- 
The alliance threatened to send forces to regain the colonies for 
Spain. This was distasteful to England, which had secured quite 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY ^I 

a trade with the new Latin states. The English minister, 
GEORGE CANNING, not wishing to act alone, suggested to the 
United States that the two nations jointly prevent the action of 
the alliance. Our Secretary of State, JOHN OUINCY ADAMS, 
and the President were against a joint action. We were inter- 
ested from the standpoint of self-protection. We were also inter- 
ested because the Russians in the west were adding to their terri- 
tory south of Alaska. Finally we decided to protest alone and, 
in 1823, Monroe, in a message to Congress, voiced what is known 
as the MONROE DOCTRINE. It is a statement of our policy 
which says that the Americas shall not be considered as open to 
settlement by any European nation, and that if any European 
nation should get more land over here, it would be considered by 
us as an unfriendly act- This statement had the desired effect 
at the time largely because we were backed by the English fleet. 
The Monroe Doctrine is now considered by the United States 
as a national policy. Watch through the remainder of the his- 
tory for incidents involving the Monroe Doctrine, and come to 
your own decision as to whether we ought still to hold to it. 

1824r-THE ELECTION OF 1824. 

There being only one party in the field, the election became 
a struggle between favorite candidates of dififerent sections. The 
chief candidates were Jackson, J. Q. Adams, Crawford, Clay and 
Calhoun. Calhoun dropped out and the other candidates fin- 
ished in the order named, with no one having the required major- 
ity. As provided in the Constitution, the House had to elect from 
the first three. Clay, who thus was ruled out, was the Speaker of 
the House. His influence was used to get the House to elect 
Adams. 

The election had two important results. Adams chose Clay 
Secretary of State, and it was claimed that there was a corrupt 
deal between them. It does not seem that there was any such 
deal, but the suspicion killed Clay politically. The other result 
was the attitude of Jackson. Being convinced that he had been 
defeated by a deal, he began at once to organize a new party for 
the next election. Thus we have a split in the Republican party. 



3-2 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

The Adams men took the name National Republicans and after- 
wards WHIGS; the Jackson men were the Democratic Republi- 
cans or the DEMOCRATS. The two parties lasted until after 
1854. 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS— 1825-1829— Whig. 

This administration saw little done because of the party- 
strife. CLAY, the Secretary of State, was a great influence. One 
of his hobbies, while in the House, was the recognition of the 
South American Republics. He kept his interest in them and 
advocated the proposed conference of all the Latin-American 
states called for Panama. The conference was held, although 
our delegates did not arrive in time for it. These congresses have 
been held at intervals ever since, the subjects discussed being now 
mostly of a commercial nature. 

Clay preached a doctrine which he called the AMERICAN 
SYSTEM, which meant that the development of the United 
States internally was the chief function of the central govern- 
ment. This could be done by protective tariffs, by the building 
of roads, the latter at federal expense, and by other national 
improvements. This period saw the passage of two protective 
tariffs, 1824 and 1828, the latter called by the South, the TARIFF 
OF ABOMINATIONS. South Carolina particularly objected, 
since she had to buy all of her manufactures and since she was 
in bad condition financially, due to the decline in the price of her 
long-staple cotton. Led by JOHN C. CALHOUN, she passed 
the SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION, which stated that the 
law was unconstitutional, not being uniform, and for that reason 
the state did not propose to obey it. It suggested that the matter 
be decided by a referendum to the states, a three-fourths vote of 
the states in favor of the law settling it. In the meantime an 
attempt to enforce the law would be resisted with force. 



; A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY T^T^ 

ANDREW JACKSON— 1829-1837— Democrat. 

Jackson met the situation in South Carolina by preparing to 
use force to collect the tax, but Congress put the decision off by 
passing the Compromise Tariff of 1833, which reduced the tariff- 
Jackson went into office as a man of the common people ; he 
began with a very riotous and inelegant inaugural reception, and 
proceeded to disregard many of the precedents set for the Presi- 
dent. He got most of his advice from a group of his unofficial 
friends, the group known as the "Kitchen Cabinet." He turned 
out of office thousands of his political enemies, this practice get- 
ting the name the "Spoils System." With these offices he rewarded 
his own followers. 

The sectionalism which had cropped out in the struggle over 
the Tariff of 1828 became more evident. The North and the 
South each was bidding for the support of the new West. One 
episode is famous. In a debate on Foote's Resolution on the dis- 
posal of western lands, there came a debate between WEBSTER 
of the North and HAYNE of the South, which turned upon the 
question of State Rights. Hayne held that the states were 
superior to the Federal government, while Webster held that the 
nation was supreme and the states subordinate. The debate had 
no immediate results but it points the direction in which the two 
sections are traveling. 

The great episode of Jackson's time is his fight upon the 
U. Sl Bank. The bank was first chartered at the request of Hamilton 
and its charter had been once renewed, the renewed charter being 
about to expire in 1836. Jackson was against the bank because 
he held that : 

1. It was unfair for a small group of men to profit from the 
use of government money. 

2. It was unsafe for a small group of men to control the 
government surplus, which at the time was very great. 

3. The bank had been a political force against Jackson. This 
last is probably the important consideration. 

It seemed that Congress would charter the bank and so 
Jackson took the question into the campaign of 1832. He was 
elected upon a platform calling for the destruction of the bank. 



34 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

and he immediately decided to destroy it. The Secretary of the 
Treasury was ordered to withdraw the U. S. funds ; he refused, 
and was replaced by a new man. He in turn refused and was 
removed. Finally Taney was appointed and he withdrew the 
funds. The bank, after a short struggle, went out of existence. 

The next question was as to what to do with this money. 
Jackson decided that it was to be distributed among the state 
banks, and this was done. This would distribute the profits and 
the control of the money. To get this money hundreds of banks 
sprang up all over the land with little backing. They are the 
WILDCAT BANKS. Many banks, the PET BANKS, received 
more than their share of the money. 

This distribution brought a lot of money into the market 
just at the time of a great movement toward the purchase of 
western lands. The banks lent this money on the security of 
western lands ; they issued millions in bank notes ; the circulation 
became highly inflated. Then Jackson did two things which 
brought a crisis. He decided that the great balance in the Treas- 
ury should be distributed among the states. The banks were 
called upon to produce much of the government deposit. At the 
same time he issued the SPECIE CIRCULAR, demanding that 
all payments to the government for lands be in gold and silver. 
These two demands upon the banks were more than most of them 
could stand and there ensued the Panic of 1837. This came in 
the next administration and will be treated there. 

In the meantime history was being made in Texas, which 
was a part of Mexico. The fine lands of Texas had attracted 
thousands of Americans, who had gone there encouraged by the 
Mexican government. At the period of Jackson, Mexico attached 
Texas to the Mexican State of Coahuila, thereby putting the 
Americans and their property under the rule of the Mexican 
government of that province. Protests came forth and hostili- 
ties soon started, the Texans led by SAM HOUSTON. At the 
Alamo the Mexican SANTA ANNA massacred a garrison, but 
at San Jacinto- the Mexicans were defeated by Houston (1836), 
and Texas was recognized as an independent state. The Ameri- 
can population of Texas immediately applied for admission to the 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY ^ c; 

union. It would be a slave state and its admission was opposed 
by Northern Congressmen. It was not finally admitted until 
1845. 

Jackson had absolute control of his party machinery and 
practically named the new President. He had planned to put 
Calhoun forward, but he discovered that Calhoun had been 
opposed to his part in the Florida struggle way back in 1818-19, 
and so Jackson turned to Martin VanBuren, a New York poli- 
tician and he was elected. 

MARTIN VAN BUREN— 1837-1841— Democrat. 

Van Buren came into office with the coming of the Panic of 
1837. This panic had two important results: 

1. To do away with bank troubles the government estab- 
lished an INDEPENDENT TREASURY SYSTEM. 

2. The selling of western lands being part of the cause of the 
trouble, the government began the practice of giving away the 
lands to actual settlers. 

In this period the slavery question began to have a moral 
turn. The work of WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON, the editor 
of the iLibcrafor' showed the most radical side. His ideas were 
not generally accepted at first. Gradually the North began to 
line up in opposition to slavery. By means of the Underground 
RaikvaX' runaway slaves were aided to Canada. Anti-slavery 
petitions began to flood into Congress. This movement was 
making for a break between the two sections. 

At the next election, the Whigs, with William Henry Har- 
rison as candidate, carried on a spirited campaign. Remember- 
ing Harrison's victory over the Indians, the Whigs used the cam- 
paign cry "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too," and won out. 
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON (TYLER)— 1841-1845— 
Whig. 

Harrison died soon after his inauguration and Tyler. Avho 
was really a Democrat, became President. He had trouble with 
the Whig Congress and very little was accomplished. 

The WEBSTER-ASHBURTON TREATY settled the boun- 
dary line between Maine and Canada. 



36 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

We have already traced the Texas question up to the demand 
for admission to the union. This question became an issue at the 
election of 1844; the Democrats favored admission and the 
Whigs, with Clay as their candidate, opposed admission. Polk, 
the Democratic candidate, won. Between election and inaugura- 
tion Tyler decided that if annexation was inevitable he might as 
well have the credit for it, and thus Texas was admitted early in 
1845. 

JAMES K. POLK— 1845-1849— Democrat. 

MANIFEST DESTINY is an expression used to describe 
the feeling of national ambition which pervaded the nation during 
this decade. A feeling was widecast that the United States should 
extend to the Pacific. This would necessitate the acquisition of 
the land west of the Rockies. The northern half of this was 
OREGON. This was claimed by the United States because of the 
work of Lewis and Clarke, Captain Gray and the settlement of 
Astor and others. England claimed it chiefly by the discovery of 
Drake. In 1818, it had been decided that the territory should be 
occupied jointly. After 1840 we find a demand that England give 
up her claims. Marcus Whitman, a missionary, had gone there 
in 1835, and inspired much interest in the region. The introduc- 
tion of Linn's Bill shows the interest of Congress. The nation 
soon demanded that England give up her claims as far north 
as 54-40 — "5440 or Fight." In 1846, the matter was adjusted 
by dividing this territory; the boundary was fixed at the 49th 
parallel. 

The acquisition of the rest of the territory demanded by 
manifest destiny was hastened by a quarrel with Mexico, who 
owned the southern section. The causes for our troubles with 
Mexico may be summarized: 

1. The demand for California (Alanifcst Destiny). 

2. The desire for the adjustment of debts owed to some of 
our citizens by the government of Mexico. 

3. A dispute over the boundary, Mexico claiming that it 
was the Xiteces River, and the Uniteci States claiming that it was 
the Rio Grande. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY XJ 

SLIDELL was sent to Mexico with the suggestion that the 
debts be settled by the cession of California, but our activities 
along the border when our troops invaded the contested area, 
caused Mexico to refuse to treat with our envoy. War then was 
precipitated, in which the United States won every battle. 

The treaty which closed the war provided : 

1. The boundary of Texas to be the Rio Grande. 

2. The United States to get all the territory between Oregon 
and Texas north of the Gila River. 

3. The United States to pay Mexico $15,000,000, and the 
money claims to be arranged for. 

It is stated by some that this war was unjustified, and that 
it was a steal by a stronger nation from a weaker. Come to some 
definite decision yourself on this point. 

The acquisition of all this new territory brought the slavery 
question once more to the fore. First it was brought up when 
the House was to appropriate money to end the war. The 
WILMOT PROVISO was tacked onto the bill as an amendment. 
It provided that no slavery should ever exist in the land acquired 
from Mexico. In the debate in Congress this clause was defeated, 
but the struggle for it showed the attitude of the two sections. 

ZACHARY TAYLOR— 1849-1853— Whig. 

The questions at issue between the North and South, chiefly 
that of slavery in the Mexican cession, had to be settled. CLAY 
once more led and, after a violent debate, secured the passage of 
'the OMNIBUS BILL or the COMPROMISE OF 1850. The 
chief provision was that Congress decided not to dictate whether 
this territory should be slave or free, but left it to the localities 
to decide— SQUATTER SOVEREIGNTY. The importance of 
this is in the change of attitude since 1820. Then Congress took 
upon itself the right to shut slavery out of the territory ; in 1850, 
Congress assumed that it had no such power, which was a violent 
swing toward the Southern point of view. This act applied only 
to the Mexican cession, but with this attitude in Congress, the 
South immediately began to think of having the Missouri Com- 
promise repealed. Other provisions of the bill of 1850 were a new 



^8 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

and stricter Fugitive Slave Law, making it the duty of federal 
officials to aid in returning runaway slaves ; the prohibition of the 
slave trade in the District of Columbia ; the admission of Cali- 
fornia as a free state. This latter had been made necessary by 
the discovery of gold in that region in 1849, resulting in a great 
rush of the 49'ers into the gold field. 

In 1850, Taylor died, and Fillmore became President. 

The opening of California brought up the question of a canal 
across Panama. England, with her policy of controlling the seas, 
did not relish the idea of the building of such a canal by the 
United States, and so we agreed to the CLAYTON-BULWER 
Treaty, by which it was agreed that if a canal were to be built 
it would be a joint project. This treaty held until it was super- 
seded by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in 1901. 



FRANKLIN PIERCE— 1853-1857— Democrat. 

In this administration the question of the right of Congress 
to rule slavery out of the territories once more became acute. 
This right, which had been taken in 1820, had ruled slavery out 
of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36-30. The change of front 
indicated by the act of 1850 reopened the question, and there was 
a determination to get Congress to repeal the Missouri Compro- 
mise. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS, the Senator from Illinois, 
from motives that are not altogether clear, introduced, in 1854, 
the KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL, and secured its passage. This 
provided that the Missouri Compromise should be repealed, and. 
that the territory north of 36-30 should be organized into two ter- 
ritories, which should, when they were ready to enter the union, 
decide for themselves whether they should be slave or free. This 
gave the South practically a complete victory, as they now had 
access to all the territories, and that was the kernel of the slavery 
dispute. This bill had two great results : 

1. Since popular vote was to decide in each territory 
whether it was to enter as a slave state or a free state, both North- 
erners and Southerners flocked into Kansas, and attempted to kill 
oflf the opposing voters before election. Thus the BLOODY 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY .^Q 

KANSAS episode, in which John Brown first becomes a national 
figure. 

2. The apparent victory of the Southerners showed those 
opposed to the extension of slavery that their only hope of suc- 
cess was to get control of the government. This could be done 
only by the organization of a new party, as the two old parties 
would not take sides upon the question. Those opposed to the 
extension of slavery into the territories began to unite and we 
find the beginning of the present-day REPUBLICAN PARTY. 

The publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," by Harriet Beecher 
Stowe, did much to fire the spirits of the Northerners, particu- 
larly of the Abolitionists. 

JAMES BUCHANAN— 1857-1861— Democrat 

The Republican Party had not sufficient strength to win this 
election, although they had a candidate in the field. The need 
for the new party was accentuated by the DRED SCOTT 
DECISION in 1856. 

DRED SCOTT was a slave who had been taken into terri- 
tory made free by the Missouri Compromise. He thereupon 
claimed his freedom and the fight was carried to the Supreme 
Court, where it was decided, among other things, that Scott was 
not free because the Missouri Compromise Avas unconstitutional. 
Congress having no power to legislate slavery out of the terri- 
tories. This made a complete victory for the Southerners, and the 
new Rejniblicans became more determined to win control of the 
government. 

This constitutional point was the chief subject of the LIN- 
COLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES. Lincoln and Douglas were can- 
didates for the Senate from Illinois, and they arranged a series of 
meetings where they should speak from the same platform. 
Douglas was a Northern Democrat, and Lincoln, a Republican, 
with leanings toward abolition. Douglas upheld "Squatter Sov- 
ereignty" as the principle of his Kansas-Nebraska Bill. At the 
Frccport debate, Lincoln, b}^ a skillful question, got Douglas to 
say that people of the territory itself could keep slavery out, 
although Congress could not. This appeased the people of Illi- 



40 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

nois, and Douglas was elected to the Senate, but it angered the 
South so that they would have none of Douglas when he came up 
for the Presidency in 1860. 

John Brown, whom we have seen in Kansas, in 1859 took it 
upon himself to free the slaves, and in the process he attacked the 
government arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He was captured and 
hanged for treason, but the excitement added to the ferment 
which made the election of 1860 one of the most violently con- 
tested in history. 

In 1860, the Republicans passed over Seward, the logical can- 
didate, and nominated ABRAHAM LINCOLN, upon a platform 
calling for the abolition of slavery in the territories- The Demo- 
crats nominated STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. His Freeport Doc- 
trine had so angered the South that they left the convention and 
put up a separate candidate, BRECKENRIDGE. Some of the 
middle states did not wish to take a violent ground upon the 
subject of the day, and formed a Union Party, nominating BELL, 
upon a neutral platform. 

The South frankly threatened that if Lincoln won upon such 
a platform as the Republicans had adopted, they would not remain 
in the union. At the ELECTION of 1860 the Republicans won, 
largely because of the split in the Democratic ranks, and the 
Southern states, led by South Carolina, immediately announced 
their secession. 

Opinion in the North was divided, many able men being in 
favor of allowing the South to secede. The break came when 
South Carolina attempted to capture the government property in 
her harbor and fired upon Fort Sumter. This firing upon the 
flag was what was needed to arouse the North and an army was 
recruited. The fighting continued four years, with the govern- 
ment finally successful. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 4 I 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN— 1861-1865— Republican. 
The administration of Lincoln is taken up entirely with the 
Civil War. The chief men of his cabinet were Seward, Secretary 
of State ; Stanton, Secretary of War, and Chase, Secretary of the 
Treasury. The military history of the war will not be considered 
here. Note first the foreign relations of the period. 

RELATIONS WITH ENGLAND. 

England, with her big interests in the manufacture of cotton 
bought from the South and in the sale of goods to the South, had 
nothing to lose and everything to gain by the success of the 
Southern cause. The government of England issued a proclama- 
tion of neutrality, itself a blow at the North, because it gave the 
rebels as we called them, the rights of belligerents. 

Great friction came when Mason and S Udell' two Southern 
envoys, were taken from an English vessel by a United States 
captain, thus violating the neutral rights of English ships. After 
some debate the men were ordered given up to England. 

The most serious trouble came when an English firm fitted 
out some ships of war for the South. In spite of the protests of 
our minister to England, Adams, the English government allowed 
the ships to sail, and they did great damage to United States ship- 
ping. The most. important of these ships was the ALABAMA. 
After the war a demand was made that England pay for the 
<iamage done, and the matter was settled by arbitration, as we 
shall see later. 

As the war went on the people of England began to show 
their sympathy with the union cause and the government ceased 
to show active sympathy with the South. 

SLAVERY. 

When Lincoln was elected he stated that he had no intention 
of freeing the slaves. When General Freemont issued an order in 
Missouri, freeing the slaves there, Lincoln countermanded the 
order. However, as the war went on, it became very evident that 
the slaves were a great asset to the South and Lincoln, in his 
capacity as Commander-in-chief of the army of the L^nited States, 



42 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

decided that they must be freed. On January 1, 1863, he issued 
the EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, which stated that 
the slaves in ALL STATES THEN IN REVOLT should be 
freed. It was a military measure and did not apply to the loyal 
states. 

At the close of the war, by the regular process, the Thir- 
teenth Amendment to the Constitution was put into force, and 
this freed all of the slaves in the United States. 

LINCOLNand ANDREW JOHNSON— 1865=1869- Republican 

Lincoln was re-elected in 1864, but was killed soon after 
inauguration, and the Presidency fell upon Johnson, a foolish^ 
stubborn man who had been a Democrat. The great problem now 
was the readmission of the seceded states which had been defeated 
in battle. Lincoln had formed a very simple plan, viz., that as 
soon as 10 per cent, of the voters in any state swore allegiance to 
the union, met in a convention and ratified the Thirteenth Amend- 
ment freeing the slaves and elected Congressmen who would 
swear allegiance, the state would be admitted immediately. This 
plan was accepted by Johnson, and began the process of what is 
known as RECONSTRUCTION. 

When the new Congressmen came to Washijigton they found 
that the Republican Congress, under the leadership of THAD- 
DEUS STEVENS in the House, and CHARLES SUMNER, in 
the Senate, would not admit them. This was because : 

1. They felt that it would be dangerous to the country for 
the recent rebels to hold the balance of power in Congress. 

2. They maintained that justice required that the Southern- 
ers give to the negro rights equal to the rights of the whites. 

3. Probably the biggest reason, although unexpressed, was 
the feelino" that the coming of a large number of Democrats from 
the South, would endanger Republican domination of Congress. 

These objections could be met if Congress should insist upon 
the disfranchisement of the whites who had been the leaders of 
the revolt and upon the enfranchisement of the negro. The latter 
would all be Republican. 



A KZNJEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 4^ 

Congress then passed its RECONSTRUCTION ACTS 
embodying these ideas. Johnson, angry at the overturning of his 
work, vetoed the acts, and Congress passed them over his veto. 
The chief points of the Congressional plan were: 

1. The negroes were allowed to vote. 

2. The white leaders to be disfranchised. 

3. The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to be ratified. 

4. Until these conditions were met the South to be governed 
by martial law. 

The story here divides into two branches, the working out of 
the plan in the South and the Quarrel between Johnson and 
Congress. 

JOHNSON AND CONGRESS. 

Johnson began to veto every law sent to him by Congress, 
who, in turn, passed each bill over his veto. The President became 
abusive in his language and the breach widened. When the Con- 
gressional election of 1866 came, Johnson went on the stump 
making his famous "Swing Around the Circuit." making speeches 
which were, to say the least, undignified. His efforts had no 
effect upon the election, and the members of Congress returned, 
determined to get even with Johnson — to impeach him, if possible. 

An excuse for this latter came with the TENURE OF 
OFFICE ACT. Congress passed a law that the President could 
not dismiss an officer without their consent. Johnson wanted to 
dismiss STANTON, and believed the law unconstitutional. The 
only way to test this was to dismiss the officer and have the 
Supreme Court to act upon the case. Johnson dismissed Stanton. 
Instead of taking it to the court, Congress started impeachment 
jiroceedings. In the trial in the Senate, the President was 
acquitted by one vote. Historians now generally agree that John- 
son was in the right in the matter of the act. 

RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOUTH. 

The plan prescribed by Congress was forced upon the South 
by the military power and soon the governments of the states 
were in the hands of the ignorant negro vote. This vote was 



44 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

dominated by Northern politicians called "Carpet-Baggers," and 
by unscrupulous Southerners called "Scallawags." The whites 
of the South lived in a reign of terror while the states were being 
carried toward bankruptcy. 

The problem of the South was much deeper than this polit- 
ical situation. Their troubles were : 

1. Industrial and Economic. The four years of war upon 
their territory had destroyed their wealth and the producing 
power of the old plantations. Industrial life had to be re-estab- 
lished, and Congress did not touch this problem except in the 
matter of aiding negroes through the "Freednian's Aid Bureau," 
which developed into a machine to control the negro vote. 

2. Labor. The abolition of slavery left the South with no 
labor class, and this had to be gradually remedied. 

3. Social. The host of freed slaves used their new freedom 
to emphasize their equality with the whites. 

4. Political. The governmental machinery was in the hands 
of the negro vote. 

These conditions were not aided by federal action ; indeed, 
they were accentuated. State action was impossible since the 
negroes controlled the governments. The whites began to look to 
extra-legal relief, and an organization, the KU KLUX KLAN, 
was formed to terrorize the negroes into a respect for the whites 
in their social relations and to frighten them away from the voting 
places. The movement was pretty succesful, and the whites soon 
regained control of the governments and then disfranchised most 
the blacks by literacy requirements for the vote. In the mean- 
time the industrial conditions had been improved by the intro- 
duction of new industries, looking forward to what is today 
known as the NEW SOUTH. By 1876 the Reconstruction of the 
South was virtually complete. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 4:; 

THE UNITED STATES SINCE 1865 

The history since 18().-) will not be taken up chronologically, 
but rather by subjects. In order to make sure of the administra- 
tions they should be learned as follows : 

ULYSSES S. GRANT Republican. 1869-1877 

RUTHERFORD B. HAYES Republican. 1877-1881 

JAMES A. GARFIELD (Arthur) Republican. 1881-1885 

GROVER CLEVELAND Democratic. 1885-188H 

BENJAMIN HARRISON Republican. 1889-1895 

GROVER CLEVELAND Democratic. 1893-1897 

WILLIAM McKINLEY Republican. 1897-1901 

McKINLEY and ROOSEVELT Republican. 1901-1905 

THEODORE ROOSEVELT Republican. 1905-1909 

WILLIAM H. TAFT Republican. 1909-1913 

WOODROW WILSON Democratic. 1913-1921 

After the Civil War came a period which is characterized by 
a widespread discontent among all classes, due to a number of 
causes. Each of the important subjects of discontent is here 
taken up ; the student should be sure to grasp the causes of the 
discontent and the chief attempts made to remedy the condition. 

1. CORRUPTION IN THE GOVERNMENT. 

In the administration of Grant there came to light a mass of 
corruption in all walks of life. Grant had been a good military 
leader but he was a poor President, his appointments to office 
being in manv cases most unfortunate. This was not the fun- 
damental cause, however, as a wave seemed to strike the nation 
at large. 

The corruption showed itself particularly in the city govern- 
ments. This is the period of the TWEED RING in New York 
City, the Gas Ring in Philadelphia, and a like corrupt crowd in 
most of the other large cities. By dishonest methods, millions 
were stolen from the people in each of the cities. 

The Federal government felt the difficulty also. THE 
WHISKEY RING in the St. Louis Custom House stole immense 
amounts of money on liquor taxes ; the Credit Mobilier, a com- 



46 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

pany which will be discussed when we treat of the railroads, was 
discovered to have presented much of its stock to Con.s^ressmen 
and other officials who could aid it by their influence. 

Much of this fraud was laid at the door of the poor appoint- 
ments of the President. By the Spoils System, which is attrib- 
uted to Jackson, the offices of the government were thought of as 
rewards for political service. A movement is felt soon after 1870 
which has for its object the abolition of the Spoils System by the 
appointment of officials only after competitive examinations — 
what we know today as the Civil Service Examinations. After 
Garfield had been shot by a disappointed office-seeker, the move- 
ment gained great headway, with the result that, in 1883, Con- 
gress passed the PENDLETON BILL. 

The Pendleton Bill provided for a commission empowered to 
give examinations, and made it lawful for the President to appoint 
to office on the basis of this examination, if he saiv fit- Note that 
the President was not compelled to do anything. The result was 
that each President had to face a struggle between his promises to 
the people to appoint after examinations, and the demands of his 
party followers, who demanded rewards for their party work. 
Each President has added a few more offices to the Civil Service 
list. Harrison appointed ROOSEVELT to the Civil Service 
Commission, to which work he brought his usual energy. Now 
most of the offices, except the administrative ones, are secured by 
examination. 

This movement applied only to appointive offices. Very soon 
the development of the party machine and the BOSS brought 
about a state of affairs which made the voters demand more 
control over elective officers. A series of measures has come more 
recently which very greatly curbs the power of the boss. The 
student should get definite information about each of the follow- 
ing, and should see how each fits into this movement for a greater 
responsibility of elective officers: Direct Primaries. Corrupt Prac- 
tice Acts, Australian Ballot, The Recall. Initiative and Refer- 
endum, Direct Election of Senators, Woman Suffrage. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 47 

2. THE CURRENCY. 

During the Civil War a great mass of Greenbacks had been 
issued. These had depreciated until at the end of the war they 
were worth about 80 cents on the dollar. The period around 1870 
is a period of expansion into the West, and much western land 
was bought and mortgaged when values were determined by a 
depreciated currency. 

The government decided to recall the greenbacks as soon as 
possible. This would reduce the amount of money in circulation, 
and would have two effects upon the western farmer. It would 
make them pay their debts in a more valuable and more scarce 
currency and it would lower the price which they received for 
their produce. These two effects came with the action of the gov- 
ernment and produced much distress and discontent in the Middle 
West. 

The farmers decided that the cause of the whole trouble was 
the lack of a proper amount of money in circulation, and that it 
could be remedied if more greenbacks were issued. This would 
be unacceptable to the moneyed classes of the East, and the 
GREENBACK MOVEMENT of Grant's administration was a 
failure. The supply of money steadily fell and the distress con- 
tinued. 

Disappointed in their demand for greenbacks the farmers 
soon found a new source of supply — silver. In 1873, by the so- 
called Crime of 1873, the silver dollar had been dropped from 
circulation. Aided by the silver miners of the Rockies, the farm- 
ers now began to demand increasing the supply of money by the 
COINAGE OF SILVER in an unlimited amount. Congress 
bowed to this demand by passing the BLAND-ALLISON 
SILVER BILL in 1878. This provided for the coinage of from 
two to four millions in silver per month. 

The agitation did not stop, however, and the bill was replaced 
by the SHERMAN SILVER Act, in 1890, which provided for an 
increase in the amount of silver to be bought, but which need not 
be coined in larger amounts. This was so unwise that it had to be 
repealed a few years later, leaving the silver issue again up in the 
air. 



-^8 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

In 1896, WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN, from the Middle 
West, appeared at the Democratic Convention, and made a speech 
demanding the Free and Unlimited Coinage of Silver at i6-i- 
This was what his section wanted most of all and he was nomi- 
nated on the Democratic ticket. The moneyed interests of the 
East saw that this would be fatal to their interests and, under the 
leadership of MARK HANNA, an Ohio business man. they 
elected the Republican nominee, McKinley. This is the last we 
hear of the silver issue, as the discovery of gold in the Klondike 
did much to remedy the shortage of coin. 

3. THE RAILROADS. 

Grant's administration had seen the completion of the Union- 
Pacific Railroad, the route of which should be fixed in mind. This 
road had been capitalized by the grants of land by the government 
and by the sale of bonds, which were bought by everybody 
throughout the West in the midst of a great enthusiasm concern- 
ing the great prosperity to come from railroad building. The 
stockholders put little money into the project, but they reaped 
rich rewards from such devices as the formation of a separate 
company, the CREDIT MOBILIER, with the same stockholders,, 
to which the job of building the road was given at a great profit. 
Growing discontent among the people because of these schemes 
was increased when the roads were built, and, instead of oper- 
ating for the benefit of the farmers, they proceeded to use their 
great power for their own benefit, and to give very poor service at 
high rates. They used "discrimination," the favoring of one 
shipper at the expense of others; "pooling," by which competitiorj. 
was avoided, and rates were kept up. 

This state of affairs hit directly at the middle western farm- 
ers, who were dependent upon the railroad to move their crops. 
In their own organization, the GRANGE, they discussed the sit- 
uation and decided that the railroads had to be regulated by state 
legislation. The Grangers went into politics, elected their own 
members to the legislatures and in most of the Western states 
passed what are known as the GRANGER LAWS. These laws 
prohibited discrimination, pooling, and required that rates be 
reasonable. "i 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 49 

Very soon, however, the courts decided that the wording^ of 
the Constitution gave to Congress the right to regulate inter- 
state commerce' and, as most of the roads affected by the Granger 
Laws Avere inter-state roads, the laws were thus rendered of no 
use. The fight was taken to Congress, and in 1887 was passed 
the INTER-STATE COMMERCE ACT, the terms of which 
were similar to the terms of the Granger Laws. Pooling, discrim- 
ination, unreasonable rates were all illegal ; an Inter-state Com- 
merce Commission was established with no powers other than to 
watch the roads and bring suit if they suspected a violation of 
the law. At first the commission did very little but it gradually 
took to itself more and more powers. Finally, in 1906, by the 
HEPBURN Act it was given the power to fix rates. 

After entering the World War, Congress passed a bill taking 
the railroads into the control of the government. They were oper- 
ated under government ownership until March 1, 1920, when they 
were given back to their owners with certain guarantees of profit. 

4. LABOR CONDITIONS. 

No Labor Problem existed in the L'nited States until after 
1870. The discontent among the laboring classes after that date 
may be attributed to a number of causes : 

1. Great immigration and the discharge of a million soldiers 
flooded the labor market. 

2. The development of machinery had reduced demand for 
men. 

3. Cheap Chinese labor was competing with American labor. 

4. Trusts were forming with greater control over labor and 
with a tendency, in the minds of the laborers at least, to raise 
prices and lower wages. 

5. The further moving to western lands by the discontented 
was made impossible by the using up of all available land, "the 
safety valve of discontent." 

The discontent of the laboring men soon resulted in organi- 
zation to better their conditions. The first organization was that 
of THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR, organized by Powderly. Here 
all sorts of labor were in one great organization, and, due to their 
activities, thousands of strikes resulted. The most famous were 



50 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

about Chicag^o in the administrations of Cleveland. In the rirst, 
some Anarchists took advantage of the disorder to hurl a bomb 
into HAYMARKET SQUARE, killing- many people. This affair 
took much sympathy from the labor organization. In Cleveland's 
second administration came the Pullman strike, with the sending 
of regular troops to keep order in defiance of the wishes of the 
Governor of Illinois. 

The Knights of Labor began to dabble in politics and soon 
gave way to a new organization, the AMERICAN FEDERA- 
TION OF LABOR, with Gompers at the head. In this Federa- 
tion the union of each trade kept its identity. 

Great distress was caused by the coal strike of 1904:, the strike 
being settled, at the instigation of President Roosevelt, by a com- 
mission. 

The competition of foreign labor was met in a number of 
ways. Immigration laws were passed excluding all "contract 
labor." A movement in the West, under Dennis Kearney, 
resulted in the passage of an act excluding Chinese laborers. 

TRUSTS are large organizations to control the output of 
any product and thus control its price. To make such unfair 
means as they used impossible, Congress passed the SHERMAN 
ANTI-TRUST ACT in 1890, making illegal all combinations in 
restraint of trade. Lender Roosevelt a "trust-busting" crusade 
was begun under the act, and the dissolution of a number of 
trusts ordered. To clarify the meaning of the act and to make 
sure that labor unions should be outside of the meaning of trusts, 
Wilson had the CLAYTON Act passed. 

Long ago the government gave its own employees the eight- 
hour day. In 1918, the ADAMSON BILL provided that the 8- 
hour day should be the basis of railroad laborers (on inter-state 
lines). The movement for the betterment of the position of labor 
and the guarantee of their right to strike is still before the country 
and should see settlement soon. 

5. THE INDIANS. 

The coming of the Union Pacific, with its thousands of new 
settlers, had made the Indians uncomfortable. Their source of 
food, the herds of bufTalo, had about disappeared, and their hunger 



A REVIEW Of AMERICAN HISTORY ^ I 

sent them upon the warpath, resulting in such episodes as the 
defeat of CUSTER. President Grant decided upon a new poHcy, 
saying "it is cheaper to feed the Indians than to fight them." 
They were moved into reservations that were given to the tribes 
and then fed by government agents. 

Troubles came right at the beginning with the corruption of 
the Indian agents, who kept the money given them to feed the 
Indians. The Indians did not prosper in restraint, and the tribes 
died off, leaving the few survivors immensely wealthy. With the 
giving out of the desirable lands of the West, the eyes of the 
whites were turned to this Indian land and means were devised 
to get it back. The DAWES INDIAN BILL was passed, pro- 
viding that if the Indians would renounce their tribal allegiance, 
they were to be given a tract of land to own individually. This 
left millions of acres for white occupation. 

Another interesting source of discontent was caused by the 
presence of the MORMON Church in Utah, a territory. The 
EDMUNDS ACT was passed, prohibiting polygamy in the terri- 
tories. The importance of this was that it re-established the 
control of the L^nited States over its territories, a control which 
had been denied in the Dred Scott decision. 



52 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



FOREIGN AFFAIRS SINCE I860 

1. During our war, France had taken advantage of our 
trouble to make herself master of Mexico and to put MAXI- 
MILLIAN on the throne, supported by a French garrison. At the 
close of the war, our government demanded, under the Monroe 
Doctrine, that the French withdraw their troops. This was finally 
done and Maximillian, unsupported, was captured by Mexicans 
and shot. 

2. Russia had been friendly to us during the Civil War. 
This fact, coupled with a national exuberance, led us to purchase 
ALASKA from Russia in 1867. 

3. England's violation of neutrality during the war has 
already been noted. After the war we demanded satisfaction for 
damage done by the Alabama and sister ships. By the TREATY 
OF WASHINGTON it was agreed to leave the matter to arbi- 
tration, and the GENEVA TRIBUNAL granted to the United 
States an indemnity of $15,500,000. 

4. The SAMOAN ISLANDS, in the Pacific, were sought 
by England, Germany and the United States. Taking advantage 
of a native revolt, Germany became aggressive and hoisted her 
flag. England withdrew and the United States sent a fleet to 
settle the issue with Germany. A battle was prevented by a 
typhoon, which destroyed most of the ships. The matter was set- 
tled in 1890, when the group was divided, the United States get- 
ting TUTUILA with the harbor of Pago-Pago, and the Germans 
the rest of the group. The German Islands were taken by the 
allies in the World War. 

5. The Alaskan seal fisheries caused trouble in 1892. We 
claimed that Bering Sea was a closed sea and subject to our rules. 
England and Russia objected and the arbitration report was 
against the United States. 

6. In 1891, came the "Itata" afifair, in the matter of a revolu- 
tion in Chile against President Balmaceda. We overstepped our 
rights when we interfered with a shipment of arms purchased by 
the insurgents and carried on the ship Itata. It made much hard 
feeling in Chile, resulting in a riot in which several United States 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY ^^^ 

■sailors on shore leave were killed. Settlement was peaceably 
tnade but it left a bad taste and made our activities under the 
Monroe Doctrine more difficult. 

7. The Plawaiian group had been peopled largely by Ameri- 
•cans ; a revolt occurred and the native queen was deposed in 
1893 ; the new government controlled by Americans applied for 
annexation by the United States. President Harrison made a 
treaty, but before it was ratified Cleveland had come into office 
and, believing that the revolt had been caused by Americans for 
their own purposes, he withdrew the treaty. The matter hung 
fire until 1898 when, under McKinley, the group was annexed 
and given a territorial government. 

8. CHINA was looked upon as fair prey by the European 
governments, but their design to divide China up was blocked by 
Secretary of State JOHN Hx\Y, who got Europe to agree to the 
doctrine of the OPEN DOOR and the integrity of China, prob- 
ably the first acceptance by Europe of a purely American doctrine. 

The Boxer Revolt, in 1900, resulted in a joint expedition to 
punish the Chinese fanatics who had been killing foreigners. 
United States forces took part. At the close China was forced 
to pay an indemnity to the nations involved, but the United 
States returned her share for use in Chinese education, making 
China a firm friend of this country. 

9. JAPAN has been looked upon as a rival in Latin America 
and we have invoked the Monroe Doctrine particularly in prevent- 
ing her from, getting control of land in Mexico. An unpleasant 
situation came when California made a law prohibiting Japanese 
from holding land. Now (1920) Japanese demand for Shantung 
is causing unfavorable comment in this country and tension is 
rather great. 

10. The Monroe Doctrine saw its most serious test in 1895 
in VENEZUELA. England claimed that the boundary line of 
British Guiana extended into Venezuela, and took steps to occupy 
the disputed land. We became interested because such an aggres- 
sion, if the land were not England's, would violate the Monroe 
Doctrine. Secretary of State OLNEY demanded that the dispute 
be submitted to arbitration and England refused, feeling running 



54 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

very high and war being threatened. Congress provided for com- 
missioners to investigate the matter for our own guidance, and 
then England yielded and the matter was arbitrated, the report 
being entirely in England's favor. The important thing is the 
acceptance of the American right to intervene in such a quarrel. 

11. In 1898, came the Spanish-American War. Its causes 
may be stated as : 

1. Humanitarian. The harsh treatment of the Cubans 
by the Spanish excited our pity. 

2. Commercial. Spanish government had been respon- 
sible for great losses to our commercial interests. 

3. Hysterical. The yellow newspapers so excited the 
people that there was a general demand for war. 

Cuba had been a subject of interest in the United States for 
a long time. In 1854, our important ministers in Europe had 
issued the OSTEND MANIFESTO, stating that we would be 
justified in acquiring Cuba, by war if necessary. Our interests 
were involved in Cuba in many ways. 

At the close of the war, the TREATY OF PARIS provided 
that Spain should cede to us Porto Rico, the Philippine Islands 
and the Island of Guam ; Spain should give up Cuba. We should 
give Spain a sum of money. 

12. The giving up of Cuba brought a new problem. After a 
provisional government had been established by the United 
States, Cuba was finally given her independence under certain 
limitations. The PLATT AMENDMENT provided that Cuba 
must insert certain things into her constitution giving the United 
States rights of guardianship. In 1906 a revolt on the island 
made another intervention necessary, but when quiet was restored 
we again retired, and Cuba is now independent. 

The Philippines have been governed as a dependency, the 
natives being granted more and more autonomy as they have had 
more experience in self-government. There is a movement among 
the Filipinos to demand independence. Before we finally got 
control we had to put down an extensive revolt under the leader- 
ship of AGUINALDO, who was finally captured and the revolt 
put down. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY =1 n; 

Now the islands are governed by a governor and a commis- 
sion containing three natives, appointed in this country. A legis- 
lature of two houses, of which the commission forms the upper, 
makes the laws. 

13. In 1903, came the acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone. 
President Roosevelt wanted to build a canal across the isthmus, 
and for this had to get the permission of Colombia. Colombia 
rejected the treaty made, demanding more money. The United 
States refused to agree to a larger sum. In the meantime the 
people of Panama became impatient and, with the encouragement 
and aid of our government, arranged a revolt and declared their 
independence. Within forty-eight hours, Roosevelt recognized 
the new Panama government and a treaty was made, giving us 
the rights which we sought. A strip ten miles wide is virtually 
ceded to the United States. The canal was then built and is now 
in operation. 

The canal was also the subject of some relations with Eng- 
land. We have already noted the Clayton-Bulwer treaty of 1853. 
When we found that we wanted to build the canal alone we 
negotiated the HAY-PAUNCEFOTE TREATY in 1901, by 
which England agreed to cancel the former treaty and allow us 
to build the canal alone, provided that in the use of the canal 
we should not discriminate among nations. This latter clause 
was brought up when the Taft administration decided that our 
own vessels should go through the canal toll-free. Objection on 
the part of England caused the Wilson administration to repeal 
this clause and now all ships pay the same tolls. 

To right the wrong done to Colombia in aiding the revolt of 
Panama in 1903, a treaty is now before the Senate granting 
Colombia $25,000,000 and certain rights, but the Senate is unwil- 
ling to ratify the treaty because it admits that we were wrong. 

14. GERMANY'S aggressiveness led to two episodes. In 
1898, when Dewey went into Manila Bay to find the Spanish fleet 
he found a German fleet there, which began to interfere with his 
operations. A strong threat by Dewey, reinforced by an English 
fleet, caused the Germans to back down at that time. 



SC) A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

Another phase of the Monroe Doctrine came in 1901 when 
Germany undertook to collect from Venezuela some money owed 
by Venezuela to German nationals. A fleet was sent over, but a 
strong protest by Roosevelt prevented the seizure of territory and 
persuaded Venezuela to settle the account. This presented a new 
question. If the Latin-American countries were to repudiate their 
debts, could we justly prevent Europe from taking territory as 
settlement, even though it violate the Monroe Doctrine. The 
question seems to have been setlted by the case of Santo Domingo 
in 1905. when we assumed control of the finances of the land in 
order to prevent the repudiation of debts. Thus the Monroe Doc- 
trine is tending to make us a policeman to keep the smaller 
nations up to their obligations. 

15. A revolution in Mexico led to numerous raids across our 
borders and to a serious question as to whether we ought not 
intervene and establish order by force of arms. The situation 
presented a new phase of the Monroe Doctrine, for the three 
important nations of South America, Argentina, Brazil and 
Chile, the A. B. C. Powers, offered their services to settle the 
question, and their ofifer was accepted. This suggests that the 
Monroe Doctrine may be extended into an all-American Doctrine 
with all the nations sharing the responsibility for keeping peace. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 57 



PARTY HISTORY SINCE 1870 

The Republican Party, the party which had fought and won 
the Civil War, used its war record to stay in power until the 
election of Cleveland in 1884. The few northern Democrats dur- 
ing the war had been called "Copperheads." 

The discontented elements of the population often united 
and we find a series of "Third Party Movements," of which the 
most important should be noted. 

1. In 1872, the Liberal Republicans nominated HORACE 
GREELEY for President. This party was a protest against the 
economic measures of the regular party. The Democrats in a 
hopeless position adopted Greeley as their candidate, and this 
marked his downfall. Greeley was defeated by Grant, and the 
party died out. 

2. About 1890, a second party of protest arose in the POPU- 
LIST Party. It soon went the way of the Liberal Movement. 

3. In 1912, Roosevelt broke away from the Republican 
Party and formed the PROGRESSIVE Party, another party of 
protest, which lasted only the one election after being defeated. 

The election of 1876 must be noted particularly. The candi- 
dates were Hayes, Republican, and Tilden, Democrat. In some of 
the Southern states, chiefly Louisiana, there was confusion in the 
voting due to the reconstruction measures, and two sets of votes 
were sent in. The Constitution provided nothing for such a case, 
and it was decided to appoint a commission of seven Republicans, 
seven Democrats and one Independent to settle the disputed 
points. It turned out that the Independent was a Republican and 
the Commission decided in every case in favor of Hayes by a vote 
of 8 to 7. Thus Hayes became President. 

The election of 1884 was carried for Cleveland by a group of 
discontented Republicans, who became known as MUGWUMPS 
and who refused to support Blaine, the Republican nominee. 

The election of 1896, Bryan and McKinley, has already been 
treated in the Silver discussion. McKinley was elected by the 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



business interests of the country, under the leadership of Mark 
Hanna. 



TARIFFS SINCE 1880 

In recent years the two large parties have split on the sub- 
ject of tariflf, the Republicans demanding a high protective tariff, 
the Democrats a low revenue tariflF. The chief tariff bills have 
been as follows : 

Cleveland (The Mills Bill) Low but did not pass 

Harrison McKinley Bill Higher Tariff 

Cleveland Wilson Bill Lower Tariff 

McKinley Dingley Bill Very high 

Taft Payne-Aldrich Bill About same 

Wilson Underwood Bill Much lower 

In the Wilson bill in Cleveland's administration was included 
an INCOME TAX. The Supreme Court declared this tax uncon- 
stitutional, as it was not laid in proportion to the population. An 
amendment to the Constitution, the 16th, was finally put into 
effect and now many millions are collected from the income tax. 

CHANGING THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT 

The Constitution may be changed in its working in three 
ways: 

1. By Custom. 

The original way of electing the President was for the 
electors to use their own discretion in their choice. Very soon 
after 1800 it became the custom for them to vote automati- 
cally for the nominee of their parties. 

2. By Judicial Decision. 

Chief Justice John Marshall handed down many decis- 
ions extending the power of the central government, among 
which were: 

Marbury vs. Madison, in which he decided that an 
act of Congress which the Supreme Court held 
to be unconstitutional need not be obeyed. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



59 



The Dartmouth College Case, deciding that the 
Supreme Court might declare an act of a state 
legislature unconstitutional. 

McCulloch vs. Maryland, holding that Congress had 
the right to charter the U. S. Bank, thus uphold- 
ing loose construction. 

Gibbons vs. Ogden, excluding from state action all 
kinds of interstate commerce. 

These decisions were of the greatest value in giving a strong 
central government. 

3. Amendment. 

The first ten amendments have already been noted. 

The 11th excluded from the jurisdiction of U. S. courts 
all cases brought by a citizen against a state. 

The 12th amendment was to prevent a situation such as 
came in the election of 1800, due to voting for President and 
Vice-President on the same ballot. They are now voted for 
separately. 

The 13th, 14th and 15th are the Civil War Amendments, 
the 13th giving the slaves freedom, the 14th giving the negro 
civil rights, the 15th giving the negro the right to vote. 

The 16th makes an income tax legal. 

The 17th provided for the election of U. S. Senators by 
popular vote. 

The 18th is the prohibition amendment. 

The 19th, which 35 states have ratified at this writing, 
provides for woman sufiFrage. 



Co 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



SOME LANDMARK DATES 



1492. Columbus' First Voyage 

1565. St. Augustine 

1588. Spanish Armada 
1607. Jamestown 

1619. Slaves and Assembly in Va. 

1620. Plymouth 

1624. Virginia made Royal 

1629. Massachusetts Bay 

1634. Maryland 

1636. Rhode Island and Conn. 

1643. New England Confederation 

1660. Restoration in England 
First Navigation Act 

1664. Dutch took New Amsterdam 

1673. Marquette and Joliet 

1681. LaSalle 

. Pennsylvania 

1684-89. Dominion of New England 

1689-97. King William's War 

1702-13. Queen Anne's War 

1713. Treaty of Utrecht 

1732. Georgia 

1744-48. King George's War 

1754. Albany Convention 

1754-63. French and Indian War 

1764. Sugar Act 

1765. Stamp Act 
1767. Townsend Acts 
1770 Boston Riot 

1773. Boston Tea Party 

1774. Five Intolerable Acts 
17.74, First Continental Congress 

1775. Second Continental Congress 
War began 

1776. Declaration of Independence 

1777. Articles of Confederation 

1778. Treaty with France 

1781. Art. of Confederation ratified 

1783. Treaty closing Revolution 

1783-89. Critical Period 

1786. Annapolis Convention 

1787. Constitutional Convention 



1789. 


Washington President 


1795. 


Jay's Treaty 


1800. 


Election of Jefferson 


1803. 


Louisiana Purchase 


1807. 


Embargo 


1809. 


Non-Intercourse 


1810. 


Macon's Bill 


1812-15. 


War with England 


1815. 


Hartford Convention 


1818. 


Joint Occupation of Oregon 


1819. 


Florida 


1820. 


Missouri Compromise 


1823. 


Monroe Doctrine 


1824. 


Election of Adams 


1828. 


Tariff of Abominations 


1833. 


Compromise Tariff 


1837. 


Panic 


1845. 


Texas 


1846. 


Oregon 


1846-48. 


Mexican War 


1850. 


Omnibus Bill 


1854. 


Kansas-Nebraska Bill 


1856. 


Dred Scott Decision 


1860. 


Election of Lincoln 


1865. 


End of Civil War 


1865-76. 


Reconstruction in South 


1876. 


Election of Hayes 


1878. 


Bland-Allison Bill 


1883. 


Pendleton Bill 


1887. 


Inter-State Commerce Act 


1890. 


Sherman Bills 


1896. 


Election of McKinley 


1898. 


Spanish-American War 




Hawaii 


1903. 


Panama 


1906. 


Hepburn Act 


1912. 


Election of Wilson 


1914. 


War in Europe 


1914. 


Trouble in Mexico 


1917. 


U. S. in World War 


1919. 


Treaty signed at Versailles 


1920. 


Rejection by the Senate 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



6i 



IMPORTANT CHARACTERS 

Something should be known of all the following; those marked "*" should 
be taken up in some detail. 



Henry the Navigator 


Coronado 


Cortez 


Columbus* 


Pizarro 


Cartier 


Cabot 


Drake 


Menendez 


DeLeon 


Raleigh 


Popham 


Balboa 


Smith 


Berkeley 


Narvaez 


Bradford 


Winthrop 


DeSoto 


Williams 


Hooker 


Stuyvesant 


Carteret 


Penn* 


Calvert 


Oglethorpe 


Bacon 


Andros 


Wolfe 


Montcalm 


Grenville 


Otis 


Samuel Adams 


Washington* 


Randolph 


Patterson 


Hamilton* 


Franklin* 


Jefferson* 


Jay 


Genet 


Talleyrand 


Gallatin 


Lewis 


Clarke 


Clay* 


J. Q. Adams 


Jackson* 


Marshall 


Perry 


Canning 


Calhoun 


Taney 


Houston 


Whitman 


Slidell 


Scott 


Wilmot 


Stowe 


Brown 


Douglas* 


Lincoln* 


Davis 


Seward 


Stanton 


Stevens 


Sumner 


Grant* 


Lee 


Tweed 


Tilden 


Bland 


Blaine* 


Pendleton 


Sherman 


Hanna 


Bryan 


Powderly 


Gompers 


Hay* 


Aguinaldo 


Roosevelt 


Braddock 


Gage 


Gates 


Cornwallis 


Burgoyne 


Marbury 


Garrison 


Hayne 


Webster 


Burr 


Boone 



62 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



MAP SUGGESTIONS 



The following should be placed upon a map; 
of each should lie expressed clearly in a sentence 



St. Augustine 

Plymouth 

Providence 

New Castle 

St. Mary's 

Quebec j 

Concord 

Trenton 

Camden 

Louisiana 

Detroit 

Saratoga 

Resaca de la Palma 

Buena Vista 

Kansas 

Freeport 

Chancellorsville 

Vicksburg 

Samoa 

Philippines 

Virgin Is. 

Pekin 

Treaty of 1783 

Northwest Territory 

U. P. Railroad 

Nueces River 



Roanoke 

Boston 

New Haven 

Philadelphia 

Louisburg 

Ft. Duquesne 

Lexington 

"S'^alley Forge 

Yorktown 

Washington 

Thames River 

Western Reserve 

Palo Alto 

Gadsden Purchase 

Nebraska 

Utah 

Gettysburg 

Alaska 

Venezuela 

Cuba 

Panama 

San Jacinto 

Treaty of 1763 

Mason-Dixon Line 

National Road 

Guam 



Dominion of New Eng. The Confederacy 



the historical importance 
or two. 
Jamestown 
Hartford 
New Amsterdam 
Baltimore 
Acadia 
Charleston 
Princeton 
Cowpens 
Annapolis 
New Orleans 
36-30 

Lundy's Lane 
Vera Cruz 
54-40 

Harper's Ferry 
Fredericksburg 
Antietam 
Chicago 
Hawaii 
Porto Rico 
Santiago 
The Alamo 
Boundary of_1818 
Mexican Cession 
Gilai River 
Fonseca 
The "Doubtful States" 



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